Verbs - Connective

Verbs - Connective

Connective Form [하고]

This lesson is about the connective form which is primarily used in two ways:

1. To list verbs.  

2. To link one sentence to the next.

We'll have a look at these functions of the connective form in detail below.


Table of Common Verbs and Their Connective Forms

Written Form	Plain	Connective
Do	하다	하고
Go	가다	가고
Come	오다	오고
Eat	먹다	먹고
Drink	마시다	마시고
Walk	걷다	걷고
Run	달리다	달리고
Stand	서다	서고
Sit	앉다	앉고
Get up	일어나다	일어나고
Sleep	자다	자고
Buy	사다	사고
Sell	팔다	팔고
Grow	자라다	자라고
Throw	던지다	던지고
Borrow	빌리다	빌리고
Lend	빌려주다	빌려주고
Play	놀다	놀고
Write	쓰다	쓰고
Read	읽다	읽고
Listen	듣다	듣고
Live	살다	살고
Die	죽다	죽고

Conjugation rule

Take 다 off the plain form of verbs, and then attach 고 to them.

• 하다 → 하고
• 가다 → 가고
  

The connective form of verbs is used:

1. To list verbs. 

2. To link one sentence to the next.

1. To list verbs. 

For example, if I wanted to say "I get up, eat and go.", the verb stems are changed to their connective forms except the last verb which determines the tense of a sentence.

• 일어나다 → 일어나고
• 먹다 → 먹고
• 걷다 → 걷고

• 일어나고 먹고 가다 = get up, eat and go
• 일어나고 먹고 갔다 = got up, ate and went
• 일어나고 먹고 갈 거다 = will get up, eat and go

In each instance, the last verb determines the tense of a sentence.


2. To link one sentence to the next.

The example below shows how three sentences can be linked together using the connective form of verbs.

• 유리는 학교에 가요. (Yuri goes to school)
• 진수는 밖에서 놀아요. (Jinsu plays outside)
• 미나는 책 읽어요. (Mina reads a book)

유리는 학교에 가고, 진수는 밖에서 놀고, 미나는 책 읽어요. 
= Yuri goes to school, Jinsu plays outside and Mina reads.

However, the verbs in each sentence can be conjugated into different tenses.

• 유리는 학교에 갔어요. = Yuri went to school
• 진수는 밖에서 놀거에요. = Jinsu will play outside
• 미나는 책 읽어요. = Mina reads (or Mina is reading)

유리는 학교에 갔고, 진수는 밖에서 놀거고, 미나는 책 읽어요.
= Yuri went to school, Jinsu will play outside and Mina is reading.


Example sentences

E.g.

• I heard and spoke = 듣고 말했다
• I studied, revised and taught = 공부하고, 복습하고, 가르쳤다.
• I washed and ate dinner. = 나는 씻고 저녁을 먹었다.

• 이 상점에서는 과일과 채소를 사고 팔아요. = This shop sells and buys fruit and vegetables.
• 친구를 만나고, 같이 놀고, 점심을 먹었어요. = I met my friend, had fun and ate lunch together.

• 비가 오고 눈이 오고 바람이 불고 번개가 쳐요 = It's raining and snowing, the wind is blowing and the lightning strikes.
• 다니엘은 TV를 보고, 수잔은 아침을 만들고 있고, 삼손은 아직 자고 있어요. = Daniel is watching TV, Suzanne is making breakfast and Samson is still in bed.

Verbs - Contiunous

Verbs - Contiunous

Continuous Form [~고 있다]

In this lesson, we'll learn about the 'continuous' form. It would be similar to the '-ing' form in English.

Informal Written Form	Plain Form	Present Continuous
Positive	하다	하고 있다
Negative	하지 않다 안 하다	하지 않고 있다 안 하고 있다

• 하다 = do
• 하지 않다/안 하다 = not do
• 하고 있다 = is doing
• 하지 않고 있다/안 하고 있다 = is not doing

Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternatives in the negative form is more commonly used in the written form, i.e.:

• 하지 않다 is more commonly used than 안 하다 in written Korean.

Informal Written Form	Past	Past Continuous
Positive	했다	하고 있었다
Negative	하지 않았다 안 했다	하지 않고 있었다 안 하고 있었다

• 했다 = did
• 하지 않았다/안 했다 = didn't do
• 하고 있었다 = was doing
• 하지 않고 있었다/안 하고 있었다 = wasn't doing

Conjugation Rules

Take 다 off the plain form of verbs, and then add 고 있(었)다 for their positive form and 지 않고 있(었)다 for their negative form.

E.g.

• 쓰다 → 쓰고 있다 = is writing
• 피터는 편지를 쓰고 있다 = Peter is writing a letter.

• 나눠주다 → 나눠 주고 있다 = is serving/distributing
• 보영은 아이들에게 학교급식을 나눠주고 있다 = Bo-young is serving school meals to children.

• 듣다 → 듣고 있었다 = was listening
• 폴은 팀 켈러의 메세지를 듣고 있었다 = Paul was listening to a Tim Keller's message. 

• 자다 → 자지 않고 있었다 = was not sleeping
• 아기는 자지 않고 있었다 = The baby was not sleeping

• 서다 → 서고 있었다 = was standing
• 영근 근위병은 버킹엄 궁전앞에서 계속 서고 있었다 = The English guardsman was standing continuously in front of the Buckingham Palace.

Spoken Form

Informal Spoken Form	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Positive	하고 있어	하고 있었어
Negative	하지 않고 있어 안 하고 있어	하지 않고 있었어 안 하고 있었어

• 하고 있어 = is doing
• 하지 않고 있어/안 하고 있어 = is not doing
• 하고 있었어 = was doing
• 하지 않고 있었어/안 하고 있었어 = was not doing

The conjugation rule is the same as the written form except 다 at the end of sentences changes to 어.

• 점심 먹고 있어 = I am eating lunch
• 줄리아는 안 달리고 있어 = Julia is not running

• 현우는 산을 올라가고 있어 = Hyun-woo is climbing a mountain.
• 민주는 과일 샐러드와 연어 조림을 만들고 있어 = Min-ju is making a fruit salad and fried salmon. 

• 아까부터 고슴도치가 안 움직이고 있었어 = Since a while ago, the hedgehog was not moving.

Polite Form 

While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of thesame age and/or close, or when older people are talking to younger people ininformal situations, the polite form is commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations.

Polite Written Form	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Positive	하고 있습니다	하고 있었습니다
Negative	하지 않고 있습니다 안 하고 있습니다	하지 않고 있었습니다 안 하고 있었습니다

• 하고 있습니다 = is doing
• 하지 않고 있습니다/안 하고 있습니다 = is not doing
• 하고 있었습니다 = was doing
• 하지 않고 있었습니다/안 하고 있었습니다 = was not doing

Polite Spoken Form	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Positive	하고 있어요	하고 있었어요
Negative	하지 않고 있어요 안 하고 있어요	하지 않고 있었어요 안 하고 있었어요

• 하고 있어요 = is doing
• 하지 않고 있어요/안 하고 있어요 = is not doing
• 하고 있었어요 = was doing
• 하지 않고 있었어요/안 하고 있었어요 = was not doing

Conjugation rules 

I) Informal → Polite (Written) 

 Simply 다 at the end of the informal written 'continuous' forms changes to 습니다 

• 하고 있다 → 하고 있습니다 = is doing
• 가고 있다 → 가고 있습니다 = is going
• 오고 있다 → 오고 있습니다 = is coming
• 걷고 있다 → 걷고 있습니다 = is walking
• 만들고 있다 → 만들고 있습니다 = is making

II) Informal → Polite (Spoken)

Simply add 요 at the end of the sentences of the informal 'continuous' spoken form.

• 지혜는 학교 가고 있어요 = Ji-hye is going to school
• 영수는 수영 하고 있어요 = Young-su is swimming

• 철민이는 영화 보고 있었어요 = Chul-min was watching a movie.
• 정수는 조금 전까지 거실에 있었어요 = Jung-su was in the living room until a short while ago.

• 10분전쯤까지 버킹엄 궁전 앞에 아무도 안 서고 있었어요 = Until about 10 minutes ago, there was no one standing in front of the Buckingham Palace.

Verbs - Future [Will]

Verbs - Future [Will]

We're going to learn how to form a future tense of verbs in this lesson.

Please have a look at the table below.

Informal	will do	won't do
Written Form	할 거다	하지 않을 거다 안 할 거다
Spoken Form	할 거야	하지 않을 거야 안 할 거야

Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternatives in the negative form is more commonly used in each of the written and spoken forms, i.e.:

• 하지 않을 거다 is more commonly used than 안 할 거다 in written Korean.
• 안 할 거야 is more commonly used than 하지 않을 거야 in spoken Korean.

Conjugation rules

First of all, take 다 off the plain form of verbs and then:

I) Will

1. For verbs whose final character has no final consonant, attach ㄹ 거다 to them.

E.g.

• 하다 → 할 거다 = will do
• 가다 → 갈 거다 = will go
• 오다 → 올 거다 = will come
• 만나다 → 만날거다 = will meet
• 자라다 → 자랄거다 = will grow

2. For verbs whose final character has a final consonant, attach 을 거다 to them.

E.g.

• 먹다 → 먹을 거다 = will eat
• 앉다 → 앉을 거다 = will sit 
• 읽다 → 읽을 거다 = will read
• 입다 → 입을 거다 = will wear
• 잡다 → 잡을 거다 = will catch

Note: The rule 3 overrides the rule 2.


3. For verbs whose final character has ㄹ as a final consonant, just attach 거다 to them.

E.g. 

• 밀다 → 밀거다 = will push
• 날다 → 날거다 = will fly
• 살다 → 살거다 = will live

Irregular form

• 듣다 → 들을 거다 = will listen

II) Won't

Simply attach 지 않을 거다 to verbs.

E.g. 

• 하다 → 하지 않을 거다 = won't do
• 가다 → 가지 않을 거다 = won't go
• 오다 → 오지 않을 거다 = won't come
• 사다 → 사지 않을 거다 = won't buy

• 먹다 → 먹지 않을 거다 = won't eat
• 입다 → 입지 않을 거다 = won't wear
• 앉다 → 앉지 않을 거다 = won't sit
• 밀다 → 밀지 않을 거다 = won't push

Example sentences

• 집에 갈 거야? = Will you go home?
• 사라는 수영 할 거야 = Sarah will swim
• 다윗은 골리앗 이길 거야 = David will beat Goliath
• 난 방에서 기타 칠 거야 = I will play the guitar in my room
• 존은 박물관에 들어갈 거야 = John will enter the museum

집 = home
존 = John
들어가다 = enter
기타 = guitar
치다 = play (the instrument)
사라 = Sarah
수영 = swim
다윗 = David
골리앗 = Goliath


Question Form

Raise the tone of your voice at the last syllable to turn it into a question form.

• 축구 할 거야? = Will you do(play) soccer?
• 벌써 갈 거야? = Will you go(leave) already? 
• 씻을 거야? = Will you wash? (Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?)
• 올림픽 볼 거야? = Will you watch the Olympics?

• 학교 안 갈 거야? = Won't you go to school?
• 점심 안 먹을 거야? = Won't you have lunch?
• 이 책 안 읽을 거야? = Won't you read this book?

Polite Form 

Let's briefly go over the differences between the informal and polite forms again.

While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of thesame age and/or close, or when older people are talking to younger people ininformal situations, the polite form is commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations.

Polite Written Form	Will do	Won't do
	할 겁니다	하지 않을 겁니다 안 할 겁니다

Polite Spoken Form	Will do	Won't do
	할 거예요	하지 않을 거예요 안 할 거예요

Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternatives in the negative form is more commonly used in each of the written and spoken forms, i.e.:

• 하지 않을 겁니다 is more commonly used than 안 할 겁니다 in written Korean.
• 안 할 거예요 is more commonly used than 하지 않을 거예요 in spoken Korean.

Conjugations rules

I) Informal → Polite (Written)

Simply change 거다 to 겁니다.

E.g.

• 할 거다 → 할 겁니다 = will do
• 갈 거다 → 갈 겁니다 = will go
• 먹을 거다 → 먹을 겁니다 = will eat

• 마시지 않을 거다 → 마시지 않을 겁니다 = won't drink
• 달리지 않을 거다 → 달리지 않을 겁니다 = won't run

II) Informal → Polite (Spoken)

Simply change 야 to 예요.

E.g.

• 할 거야 → 할 거예요 = will do 
• 올 거야 → 올 거예요 = will come
• 들어갈 거야 → 들어갈 거예요 = will enter (go in)

• 안 볼 거야 → 안 볼 거예요 = won't see/watch
• 안 달릴 거야 → 안 달릴 거예요 = won't run

Example sentences

• 집에 갈 거예요? = Will you go home?
• 사라는 수영 할 거예요. = Sarah will swim.
• 다윗은 골리앗 이길 거예요. = David will beat Goliath.
• 존은 박물관에 들어갈 거예요. = John will enter the museum. 
• 저는 거실에서 기타 칠 거예요. = I will play the guitar in the living room.

• 씻을 거예요? = Will you wash? (Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?)
• 벌써 갈 거예요? = Will you go(leave) already? 
• 축구 할 거예요? = Will you do(play) soccer?
• 월드컵 볼 거예요? = Will you watch the World Cup? 

• 학교 안 갈 거예요? = Won't you go to school?
• 점심 안 먹을 거예요? = Won't you have lunch?
• 이 책 안 읽을 거예요? = Won't you read this book?

Verbs - Polite [Present, Past]

Verbs - Polite [Present, Past]

Polite Form 

This lesson is about the polite form of verbs, in addition to the informal form which we learned in the previous lesson. Let's go over again the differences between the informal and polite forms.

• Informal - Generally speaking, the informal form is used among people of the same age or to people who are younger by older people. It is also used by people who are closely related such as such family members and relatives. People who are close friends would use this form depending on the familiarity and acceptability.

• Polite - The polite form is used when speaking to people who are older than you or of a higher rank than you such as in the company, army and other institutions. However, people generally use the polite form in many social settings regardless of one's age. Initially, it would be best to stick to the polite form when learning Korean, as this would be the predominant form of speaking to people in many social environments. However, if you attend school or other similar institutions where you'd make friends and the environment is more casual, it might be more appropriate to use the informal form.

Note: The words in bold indicate which of the two negatives are more commonly used in each case, i.e. 먹지 않습니다 is more commonly used than 안 먹습니다 in the written form, and 안 먹어요 is more commonly used than 먹지 않아요 in the spoken form.

Polite Written Form	Present	Past
Positive	먹습니다	먹었습니다
Negative	먹지 않습니다 안 먹습니다	먹지 않았습니다 안 먹었습니다

Polite Spoken Form	Present	Past
Positive	먹어요	먹었어요
Negative	먹지 않아요 안 먹어요	먹지 않았어요 안 먹었어요

Conjugation Rules

I) Informal Plain → Polite Present (Written)

First of all, take 다 off the plain form of verbs, and then:

1. For verbs whose final character has no final consonant, add ㅂ 니다.

E.g. 

• 하다 → 합니다 = do
• 가다 → 갑니다 = go
• 오다 → 옵니다 = come
• 쓰다 → 씁니다 = write 
• 말하다 → 말합니다 = speak
• 바라다 → 바랍니다 = hope 
• 자라다 → 자랍니다 = grow

2. For verbs whose final character has a final consonant, add 습니다. 

E.g.

• 먹다 → 먹습니다 = eat 
• 걷다 → 걷습니다 = walk
• 듣다 → 듣습니다 = listen
• 읽다 → 읽습니다 = read
• 입다 → 입습니다 = wear

Note: The rule 3 overrides the rule 2.

3. For verbs whose last character has ㄹ as a final consonant, change it to ㅂ and add 니다.

E.g. 

• 살다 → 삽니다 = live
• 놀다 → 놉니다 = play (have fun)
• 알다 → 압니다 = know
• 날다 → 납니다 = fly
• 걸다 → 겁니다 = hang (up)
• 말다 → 맙니다 = roll (up) 
• 밀다 → 밉니다 = push

II) Informal Past → Polite Past (Written)

Take 다 off the informal past form of verbs, and then add 습니다.

• 했다 → 했습니다 = did
• 갔다 → 갔습니다 = went
• 왔다 → 왔습니다 = came
• 봤다 → 봤습니다 = watched 
• 먹었다 → 먹었습니다 = ate
• 달렸다 → 달렸습니다 = ran
• 만났다 → 만났습니다 = met

III) Informal → Polite (Spoken)

Just add 요 to the informal spoken forms.

• 해 → 해요 = do
• 가 → 가요 = go 
• 와 → 와요 = come

• 안해 → 안해요 = not do
• 안봐 → 안봐요 = not watch
• 안사 → 안사요 = not buy
• 안자 → 안자요 = not sleep

• 먹었어 → 먹었어요 = ate
• 걸었어 → 걸었어요 = walked
• 만났어 → 만났어요 = met

• 안했어 → 안했어요 = didn't do
• 안갔어 → 안갔어요 = didn't go
• 안먹었어 → 안먹었어요 = didn't eat
• 안빌렸어 → 안빌렸어요 = didn't borrow

A brief revision of the differences between the written and spoken forms

• The written form is used in literature such as books, newspapers and any form of writing that is not 'conversational.' The written form, in essence, is literary, factual and declarative. It is rarely used in normal everyday conversations. However, the news on TV uses this written form of Korean. It is also used in public speeches. The reason is probably due to the fact that the news and public announcements or speeches are usually all declarative and/or factual.

• The spoken form is the usual way in which people speak and have a conversation. It is used in all types of spoken Korean such as normal conversations, dramas, and movies, with the possible exceptions of news, documentaries and other factual, formal types of programs on TV and radio.