Sentence Structure and Order

Sentence Structure and order

(276 total words in this text)
Korean Sentence Structure and Word order

In Korean the structure of sentence differ to English sentences, for example the phrase Chal Chinaessooyo literally means "Well have you been getting on?" which is the opposite from English.
In general the structure of the Korean sentences is broken down as subject - object - verb
"Jon the ball kicked"


"To Go" in order to do sentences

There are a few words that you may add to the end of verb stems at the end of sentences, these include -yo which makes sentences polite, and -ro which means "in order to".
In some cases the verb stems may in effect end in consonants in which case -uro is utilised.
The order of the sentences for an example sentence of "in order to buy bread I am goin to the shops" is restructured as "bread buy-in order-to the shops go"
In Korean unlike English, the subject of the sentences is optional like "I", then the "in order section" is next, which is then followed by "the place you are going".

(In English) I go to the shops in-order -to buy bread
(in Korean) I (optional) bread buy - in-order to shops to go
The Konglish for this sentence in Korean would be na-do ppang sa-ro kayo (I-do bread buy-in order-to go).


* The construction can only be used in verbs involving 'going' and 'coming' and cannot be used with other verbs at the end of sentences.

Sentence Order
In regards to the order of a sentence, there are four basic types in Korean. These are:
S + N
S + V
S + A
S + O + V

* S = subject, N = noun, A = adjective, O = object and V = verb.

The tense of a sentence is determined by the last part of a sentence, namely, by a noun, verb or adjective.

In Korean, adjectives function like verbs in that they can be converted to different forms to determine the tense of a sentence.

For example,
In English, the past tense of "go" is "went."
In Korean, the past tense of "가다" (gada, go) is "갔다" (gatta, went).
The verbs function in the same way in English and Korean.

However, in the case of adjectives, the past tense of "good" in English is not "gooded" but it is written, "was good."
Contrary to this, in Korean, "좋다" (jota, good) has a past tense form of "좋았다" (joatta, was good).

Compare:
In English, "good" (present) → "was good" (past)
In Korean, "좋다" (present) → "좋았다" (past)

Therefore, the adjectives in Korean function like verbs in that they can be converted to a past tense or future tense, or any other tense forms.

This conversion of a verb(or adjective) to its past, future, present continuous or past continuous tense forms is called a verb (or adjective) "conjugation."

Before proceeding to the explanation section below, I recommend that you read the "particles" alongside this post.

To understand Korean grammar, it is crucial that you become familiar with the concept of a distinct part of speech called, "particles."

Particles are function words that indicate what the subject or object is in a sentence.

For example,
는/은 is a topic particle
가/이 is a identifier particle
를/을 is an object particle
For more information and explanation on particles, please refer to (Particles - 는, 도, 를, 가, 에).


Now, let's have a look at the four main types of Korean sentences.

Note: S = Subject, N = Noun, V = Verb, A = Adjective, O = Object

1. S + N
나는 학생이다 = I am a student
리사는 선생님이다 = Lisa is a teacher
앤드류는 의사였다 = Andrew was a doctor
저는 중학생이에요 = I am a middle school student [polite spoken form]

For more explanations on the S + N pattern,

나 = I
학생 = student
리사 = Lisa
선생님 = teacher
앤드류 = Andrew
의사 = doctor
저 = I (polite)
중학생 = a middle school student


2. S + V
주영은 달린다 = Ju-young runs [written form]
주영은 달려요 = Ju-young runs [polite spoken form]
주영은 힘차게 달린다 = Ju-young vigorously runs

*An adverb comes before a verb.

주영 = Ju-Young (a Korean male name)
달리다 = run
달려 = run [spoken form]
달려요 = run [polite spoken form]
힘차게 = vigorously

3. S + A
그는 크다 = He is big
그녀는 작다 = She is small
앤은 예쁘다 = Anne is pretty [written form]
앤은 정말 예뻐요 =  Anne is really pretty [polite spoken form]
산이 아름답다 = The mountain is beautiful
날씨가 정말 좋다 = The weather is very good

그 = he
크다 = big
그녀 = she
작다 = small
앤 = Anne
정말 = really, very
예쁘다 = pretty
산 = mountain
아름답다 = beautiful
날씨 = weather
좋다 = good

4. S + O + V
나는 사과를 먹었다 = I ate an apple.
지성은 물을 마신다 = Ji-sung drinks water.
새들이 노래를 부른다 = The birds are singing songs.
안나는 대학을 다닌다 = Anna attends college (university) [written form]
안나는 대학을 다녀요 = Anna attends college (university) [spoken form]
영희는 어제 정원에 꽃을 심었다 = Young-hee planted a flower in the garden yesterday.

*Notice that the time(어젯밤) and place(정원에) are inserted between S and O.  

나 = I
사과 = apple
먹었다 = ate
물 = water
마시다 = drink
새  = a bird
새들 = birds
노래 = song
부르다 = sing
다니다 = attend [written form]
다녀요 = attend [polite spoken form]
어제 = yesterday
정원 = garden
꽃 = flower
심다 = plant (verb)


In addition, unlike English, it is quite common to leave out the subject in a sentence in Korean. When the subject is known by the readers or speakers, it is often left out. Therefore, depending on a situation or context, it is OK to write or speak without beginning the sentence with a subject.

A subject may not be used in a sentence if it is known who or what the subject is. So, the sentences below are also correct and it is common in spoken Korean (conversations).

학생이다 = (am/is) a student
선생님이다 = (am/is) a teacher
의사였다 = was a doctor
중학생이에요 = (am/is) a middle school student

달린다 = runs
힘차게 달렸다 = vigorously ran

크다 = (am/is/are) big
작다 = (am/is/are) small
정말 좋아 = (am/is/are) really good [spoken form]

사과를 먹었다 = ate an apple
물을 마셨어 = drank water  [spoken form]
노래를 불렀어 = sang songs [spoken form]
어제 꽃을 심었어요 = planted a flower yesterday [polite spoken form]

As for now, please focus yourself on the sentence structure, we will going to tackle the sentence vocabulary (present, past and future tenses) as we go on to our lessons.