Verbs - Present, Past
동사 [Verbs]
Now, we come to learn, possibly, the most important subject of all Korean grammar, the 'verbs.'
I have drawn up tables below to display various conjugations of verbs. But first of all, we need to pay attention to a distinct feature in Korean verbs, namely, theplain form.
The plain form is the most basic form of verbs, from which all the other conjugations of verbs are derived and produced.
However, the plain form is almost never used in both written and spoken Korean. The only instance where the plain form is used is when verbs are listed in the dictionary. Therefore, it is necessary to know the plain form if you'd like to know the meaning of certain verbs and find them in the dictionary.
Examples of the plain form of verbs
Note: The words in bold indicate which of the two negatives are more commonly used in each case, i.e. 먹지 않는다 is more commonly used than 안 먹는다 in the written form, and 안 먹어 is more commonly used than 먹지 않아 in the spoken form.
A Table of Commonly Used Verbs
Conjugations Rules
I) Plain → Present (Written)
1. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, replace 다 with 는다.
E.g.
E.g.
E.g.
II) Plain → Past (Written)
First of all, take 다 off a verb, and then:
1. For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, attach ㅆ as a final consonant. (exception: For the vowel, ㅜ, attach 었다.)
E.g.
Exception:
Note: The following rules override the rule 1.
2. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, add 었 or 았.
E.g.
3. For verbs whose last character has ㅣ as a vowel, and no final consonant, change ㅣ to ㅕ and attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
4. For verbs whose last character has ㅗ as a vowel and no consonant, change ㅗ to ㅘ and attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
5. For verbs whose last character has ㅡ as a vowel, replace it with ㅓ and then attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
Irregular form
E.g.
III) Plain → Present (Spoken)
1. For verbs whose last character has a vowel, ㅏ or ㅓ and no final consonant, just drop 다 off.
E.g.
Exception: 하 changes to 해.
E.g.
2. For verbs whose last character has a vowel, ㅗ or ㅜ and no final consonant:
E.g.
3. For verbs whose last character is 르, drop it off and then attach a final consonant, ㄹ, to the character preceding 르, and then attach 라 or 러 to them.
E.g.
(Also, for verbs which have a last consonant of ㅡ, replace it with ㅓ.)
4. For verbs whose last character has ㅣ as a vowel and no final consonant, change ㅣ to ㅕ.
E.g.
5. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, attach:
E.g.
Irregular form
IV) Past (Written) → Past (Spoken)
Simply change 다 to 어.
Now, we come to learn, possibly, the most important subject of all Korean grammar, the 'verbs.'
I have drawn up tables below to display various conjugations of verbs. But first of all, we need to pay attention to a distinct feature in Korean verbs, namely, theplain form.
The plain form is the most basic form of verbs, from which all the other conjugations of verbs are derived and produced.
However, the plain form is almost never used in both written and spoken Korean. The only instance where the plain form is used is when verbs are listed in the dictionary. Therefore, it is necessary to know the plain form if you'd like to know the meaning of certain verbs and find them in the dictionary.
Examples of the plain form of verbs
- 하다 = do
- 먹다 = eat
- 가다 = go
- 달리다 = run
Informal Written Form |
Plain
|
Present
|
Past
|
Positive
|
먹다
|
먹는다
|
먹었다
|
Negative
|
먹지 않다
|
먹지 않는다
안 먹는다 |
먹지 않았다
안 먹었다 |
Informal Spoken Form |
Plain
|
Present
|
Past
|
Positive
|
먹다
|
먹어
|
먹었어
|
Negative
|
먹지 않다
|
먹지 않아
안 먹어 |
먹지 않았어
안 먹었어 |
Note: The words in bold indicate which of the two negatives are more commonly used in each case, i.e. 먹지 않는다 is more commonly used than 안 먹는다 in the written form, and 안 먹어 is more commonly used than 먹지 않아 in the spoken form.
A Table of Commonly Used Verbs
Written
|
Spoken
| ||||
Plain | Present | Past | Present | Past | |
Go |
가다
|
간다
|
갔다
|
가
|
갔어
|
Come |
오다
|
온다
|
왔다
|
와
|
왔어
|
Run |
달리다
|
달린다
|
달렸다
|
달려
|
달렸어
|
Eat |
먹다
|
먹는다
|
먹었다
|
먹어
|
먹었어
|
Stand |
서다
|
선다
|
섰다
|
서
|
섰어
|
Sit |
앉다
|
앉는다
|
앉았다
|
앉아
|
앉았어
|
Buy |
사다
|
산다
|
샀다
|
사
|
샀어
|
Sell |
팔다
|
판다
|
팔았다
|
팔아
|
팔았어
|
Grow |
자라다
|
자란다
|
자랐다
|
자라
|
자랐어
|
Throw |
던지다
|
던진다
|
던졌다
|
던져
|
던졌어
|
Borrow |
빌리다
|
빌린다
|
빌렸다
|
빌려
|
빌렸어
|
Lend |
빌려주다
|
빌려준다
|
빌려주었다
|
빌려줘
|
빌려주었어
|
Play |
놀다
|
논다
|
놀았다
|
놀아
|
놀았어
|
Write |
쓰다
|
쓴다
|
썼다
|
써
|
썼어
|
Read |
읽다
|
읽는다
|
읽었다
|
읽어
|
읽었어
|
Listen |
듣다
|
듣는다
|
들었다
|
들어
|
들었어
|
Live |
살다
|
산다
|
살았다
|
살아
|
살았어
|
Die |
죽다
|
죽는다
|
죽었다
|
죽어
|
죽었어
|
Conjugations Rules
I) Plain → Present (Written)
1. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, replace 다 with 는다.
E.g.
- 먹다 → 먹는다 = eat
- 사과를 먹는다 = eat an apple
- 걷다 → 걷는다 = walk
- 사람은 걷는다 = A human walks
- 믿다 → 믿는다 = believe
- 나는 예수님을 믿는다 = I believe Jesus
E.g.
- 잠자다 → 잠잔다 = sleep
- 지금 새들은 잠잔다 = Now birds sleep (= At the moment, the birds are sleeping)
- 가다 → 간다 = go
- 민아는 학교를 간다 = Mina goes to school
- 보다 → 본다 = watch/look/see
- 현주는 자주 밖을 본다 = Hyun-ju often looks outside
E.g.
- 팔다 → 판다 = sell
- 이 가게는 과일을 판다 = This shop sells fruit
- 살다 → 산다 = live
- 지우는 여기에서 산다 = Ji-u lives here
- 밀다 → 민다 = push
- 자동차를 민다 = push a car
II) Plain → Past (Written)
First of all, take 다 off a verb, and then:
1. For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, attach ㅆ as a final consonant. (exception: For the vowel, ㅜ, attach 었다.)
E.g.
- 가다: 가 + ㅆ 다 = 갔다 = went
- 사다: 사 + ㅆ 다 = 샀다 = bought
- 서다: 서 + ㅆ 다 = 섰다 = stood
- 자다: 자 + ㅆ 다 = 잤다 = slept
- 자라다: 자라 + ㅆ 다 = 자랐다 = grew
Exception:
- 두다: 두 + 었다 = 두었다 = put
- 주다: 주 + 었다 = 주었다 = give
- 하다 → 했다 = did (NOT
핬다)
Note: The following rules override the rule 1.
2. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, add 었 or 았.
- For vowels, ㅏ and ㅗ, add 았.
- For vowels, ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ and ㅣ, add 었.
E.g.
- 날다: 날 + 았다 = 날았다 = flew
- 살다: 살 + 았다 = 살았다 = lived
- 놀다: 놀 + 았다 = 놀았다 = played (had fun)
- 먹다: 먹 + 었다 = 먹었다 = ate
- 죽다: 죽 + 었다 = 죽었다 = died
- 들다: 들 + 었다 = 들었다 = lifted up
- 밀다: 밀 + 었다 = 밀었다 = pushed
3. For verbs whose last character has ㅣ as a vowel, and no final consonant, change ㅣ to ㅕ and attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
- 달리다: 달리 → 달렸 → 달렸다 = ran
- 빌리다: 빌리 → 빌렸 → 빌렸다 = borrowed
- 이기다: 이기 → 이겼 → 이겼다 = won
- 던지다: 던지 → 던졌 → 던졌다 = threw
- 다니다: 다니 → 다녔 → 다녔다 = attended
4. For verbs whose last character has ㅗ as a vowel and no consonant, change ㅗ to ㅘ and attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
- 오다 → 왔다 = came
- 보다 → 봤다 = saw/looked/watched
5. For verbs whose last character has ㅡ as a vowel, replace it with ㅓ and then attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
- 크다: 크 → 컸 → 컸다 = grew
- 쓰다: 쓰 → 썼 → 썼다 = wrote
- 트다: 트 → 텄 → 텄다 = sprouted
Irregular form
E.g.
- 하다 → 했다
- 듣다 → 들었다
III) Plain → Present (Spoken)
1. For verbs whose last character has a vowel, ㅏ or ㅓ and no final consonant, just drop 다 off.
E.g.
- 가다 → 가 = go
- 서다 → 서 = stand
- 사다 → 사 = buy
- 자라다 → 자라 = grow
Exception: 하 changes to 해.
E.g.
- 하다 → 해 = do
- 원하다 → 원해 = want
- 구하다 → 구해 = save (a life)
2. For verbs whose last character has a vowel, ㅗ or ㅜ and no final consonant:
- ㅗ changes to ㅘ
- ㅜ changes to ㅝ
E.g.
- 오다 → 와 = come
- 보다 → 봐 = see/watch/look
- 두다 → 둬 = place (something) on, leave (something as it is)
- 주다 → 줘 = give
- 빌려주다 → 빌려줘 = lend
3. For verbs whose last character is 르, drop it off and then attach a final consonant, ㄹ, to the character preceding 르, and then attach 라 or 러 to them.
- 라 for verbs whose character preceding 르 has a vowel, ㅏ or ㅗ.
- 러 for verbs whose character preceding 르 has a vowel, ㅓ, ㅜ or ㅣ.
E.g.
- 가르다 → 갈라 = divide
- 자르다 → 잘라 = cut
- 오르다 → 올라 = climb
- 거르다 → 걸러 = filter, sift
- 서두르다 → 서둘러 = hurry
- 구르다 → 굴러 = roll
- 가로지르다 → 가로질러 = go cross
(Also, for verbs which have a last consonant of ㅡ, replace it with ㅓ.)
- 쓰다 → 써 = write
- 끄다 → 꺼 = extinguish (a fire)
- 뜨다 → 떠 = float
4. For verbs whose last character has ㅣ as a vowel and no final consonant, change ㅣ to ㅕ.
E.g.
- 지다 → 져 = lose
- 이기다 → 이겨 = win
- 던지다 → 던져 = throw
5. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, attach:
- 아 for characters whose vowel isㅏ or ㅗ
- 어 for characters whose vowel is ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ or ㅣ.
E.g.
- 살다 → 살아 = live
- 팔다 → 팔아 = sell
- 앉다 → 앉아 = sit
- 놀다 → 놀아 = play (have fun)
- 먹다→ 먹어 = eat
- 물다 → 물어 = bite
- 늙다 → 늙어 = age
- 읽다 → 읽어 = read
Irregular form
- 듣다 → 들어 = listen/hear
IV) Past (Written) → Past (Spoken)
Simply change 다 to 어.
- 갔다 → 갔어 = went
- 왔다 → 왔어 = came
- 달렸다 → 달렸어 = ran
- 먹었다 → 먹었어 = ate
- 마셨다 → 마셨어 = drank
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